The Catholic Church has always condemned abortion as a grave evil. Christian writers from the first-century author of the Didache to Pope Pius XI in his encyclical Casti Connubii (“On Christian Marriage”) have maintained that the Bible forbids abortion, just as it forbids murder. In this entry, we will provide some examples of this consistent witness from the writings of the Fathers of the Church.
As the early Christian writer Tertullian pointed out, the law of Moses ordered strict penalties for causing an abortion. We read, “If men quarrel, and one strike a woman with child, and she miscarry indeed [Hebrew: “so that her child comes out”], but live herself: he shall be answerable for so much damage as the woman's husband shall require, and as arbiters shall award. But if her death ensue thereupon, he shall render life for life. Eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot.”
This applies the lex talionis or “law of retribution” to abortion. The lex talionis establishes the just punishment for an injury (eye for eye, tooth for tooth, life for life, compared to the much greater retributions that had been common before, such as life for eye, life for tooth, lives of the offender’s family for one life).
The lex talionis would already have been applied to a woman who was injured in a fight. The distinguishing point in this passage is that a pregnant woman is hurt “so that her child comes out”; the child is the focus of the lex talionis in this passage. Aborted babies must have justice, too.
This is because they, like older children, have souls, even though marred by original sin. David tells us, “Surely I was sinful at birth, sinful from the time my mother conceived me” (Ps. 51[50]:5, NIV). Since sinfulness is a spiritual rather than a physical condition, David must have had a spiritual nature from the time of conception.
The same is shown in James 2:26, which tells us that “the body without the spirit is dead”: The soul is the life-principle of the human body. Since from the time of conception the child’s body is alive (as shown by the fact it is growing), the child’s body must already have its spirit.
Thus, in 1930 Pope Pius XI declared (in Casti Connubii, paragraph 64) that “however much we may pity the mother whose health and even life is gravely imperiled in the performance of the duty allotted to her by nature, nevertheless what could ever be a sufficient reason for excusing in any way the direct murder of the innocent? This is precisely what we are dealing with here. Whether inflicted upon the mother or upon the child, it is against the precept of God and the law of nature [...] The life of each is equally sacred, and no one has the power, not even the public authority, to destroy it. It is of no use to appeal to the right of taking away life for here it is a question of the innocent, whereas that right has regard only to the guilty; [...] there is not question here of what is called the ‘law of extreme necessity’ which could even extend to the direct killing of the innocent.”
The early Church Fathers agreed. Fortunately, abortion, like all sins, is forgivable; and forgiveness is as close as the nearest confessional.
“The second commandment of the teaching: You shall
not murder. You shall not commit adultery. You shall not
seduce boys. You shall not commit fornication. You shall
not steal. You shall not practice magic. You shall not
use potions. You shall not procure [an] abortion, nor
destroy a newborn child.”
—Didache
2:1-2, A.D. 70
“The way of light, then, is as follows. If anyone
desires to travel to the appointed place, he must be
zealous in his works. The knowledge, therefore, which is
given to us for the purpose of walking in this way, is
the following … Thou shalt not slay the child by
procuring abortion; nor, again, shalt thou destroy it
after it is born.”
—Letter of
Barnabas 19, A.D. 74
“And near that place I saw another strait place
… and there sat women … And over against
them many children who were born to them out of due time
sat crying. And there came forth from them rays of fire
and smote the women in the eyes. And these were the
accursed who conceived and caused abortion.”
—The
Apocalypse of Peter 25, A.D. 137
“What man of sound mind, therefore, will affirm,
while such is our character, that we are murderers?
… [W]hen we say that those women who use drugs to
bring on abortion commit murder, and will have to give an
account to God for the abortion, on what principle should
we commit murder? For it does not belong to the same
person to regard the very fetus in the womb as a created
being, and therefore an object of God’s care, and
when it has passed into life, to kill it; and not to
expose an infant, because those who expose them are
chargeable with child-murder, and on the other hand, when
it has been reared to destroy it.”
—A
Plea for the Christians 35, A.D. 177
“In our case, a murder being once for all
forbidden, we may not destroy even the fetus in the womb,
while as yet the human being derives blood from the other
parts of the body for its sustenance. To hinder a birth
is merely a speedier man-killing; nor does it matter
whether you take away a life that is born, or destroy one
that is coming to birth. That is a man which is going to
be one; you have the fruit already in its
seed.”
—Apology
9:8, A.D. 197
“Among surgeons’ tools there is a certain instrument, which is formed with a nicely-adjusted flexible frame for opening the uterus first of all and keeping it open; it is further furnished with an annular blade, by means of which the limbs [of the child] within the womb are dissected with anxious but unfaltering care; its last appendage being a blunted or covered hook, wherewith the entire fetus is extracted by a violent delivery.
“There is also [another instrument in the shape of] a copper needle or spike, by which the actual death is managed in this furtive robbery of life: They give it, from its infanticide function, the name of ἐμβρυοσφάκτης, [meaning] “the slayer of the infant,” which of course was alive …
“[The doctors who performed abortions] all knew
well enough that a living being had been conceived, and
[they] pitied this most luckless infant state, which had
first to be put to death, to escape being tortured
alive.”
—The
Soul 25, A.D. 210
“Now we allow that life begins with conception
because we contend that the soul also begins from
conception; life taking its commencement at the same
moment and place that the soul does.”
—ibid., 27
“The law of Moses, indeed, punishes with due
penalties the man who shall cause abortion [Ex.
21:22-24].”
—ibid., 37
“There are some [pagan] women who, by drinking
medical preparations, extinguish the source of the future
man in their very bowels and thus commit a parricide
before they bring forth. And these things assuredly come
down from the teaching of your [false] gods … To
us [Christians] it is not lawful either to see or hear of
homicide.”
—Octavius
30, A.D. 226
“Women who were reputed to be believers began to
take drugs to render themselves sterile, and to bind
themselves tightly so as to expel what was being
conceived, since they would not, on account of relatives
and excess wealth, want to have a child by a slave or by
any insignificant person. See, then, into what great
impiety that lawless one has proceeded, by teaching
adultery and murder at the same time!.”
—Refutation
of All Heresies Book ⅸ Chapter ⅶ,
A.D. 228
“Concerning women who commit fornication, and
destroy that which they have conceived, or who are
employed in making drugs for abortion, a former decree
excluded them until the hour of death, and to this some
have assented. Nevertheless, being desirous to use
somewhat greater lenity, we have ordained that they
fulfill ten years [of penance], according to the
prescribed degrees.”
—Canon
21, A.D. 314
“Let her that procures abortion undergo ten
years’ penance, whether the embryo were perfectly
formed, or not.”
—First
Canonical Letter, Canon 2, A.D. 374
“He that kills another with a sword, or hurls an
axe at his own wife and kills her, is guilty of willful
murder; not he who throws a stone at a dog, and
unintentionally kills a man, or who corrects one with a
rod, or scourge, in order to reform him, or who kills a
man in his own defense, when he only designed to hurt
him. But the man, or woman, is a murderer that gives a
philtrum, if the man that takes it dies upon
it; so are they who take medicines to procure abortion;
and so are they who kill on the highway, and
rapparees.”
—ibid., Canon 8
“Wherefore I beseech you, flee fornication …
Why sow where the ground makes it its care to destroy the
fruit?—where there are many efforts at
abortion?—where there is murder before the birth?
For even the harlot you do not let continue a mere
harlot, but make her a murderess also. You see how
drunkenness leads to prostitution, prostitution to
adultery, adultery to murder; or rather to a something
even worse than murder. For I have no name to give it,
since it does not take off the thing born, but prevents
its being born. Why then do thou abuse the gift of God,
and fight with his laws, and follow after what is a curse
as if a blessing, and make the chamber of procreation a
chamber for murder, and arm the woman that was given for
childbearing unto slaughter? For with a view to drawing
more money by being agreeable and an object of longing to
her lovers, even this she is not backward to do, so
heaping upon thy head a great pile of fire. For even if
the daring deed be hers, yet the causing of it is
thine.”
—Homilies
on Romans 24, A.D. 391
“I cannot bring myself to speak of the many virgins
who daily fall and are lost to the bosom of the Church,
their mother … Some go so far as to take potions,
that they may insure barrenness, and thus murder human
beings almost before their conception. Some, when they
find themselves with child through their sin, use drugs
to procure abortion, and when, as often happens, they die
with their offspring, they enter the lower world laden
with the guilt not only of adultery against Christ but
also of suicide and child murder.”
—Letters
22:13, A.D. 396
“Thou shalt not use magic. Thou shalt not use
witchcraft; for he says, ‘You shall not suffer a
witch to live’ [Ex. 22:18]. Thou shall not slay thy
child by causing abortion, nor kill that which is
begotten … [I]f it be slain, [it] shall be
avenged, as being unjustly destroyed.”
—Apostolic
Constitutions 7:3, A.D. 400
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